{"id":9989,"date":"2025-02-26T09:34:22","date_gmt":"2025-02-26T07:34:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/covasna45.ro\/?p=9989"},"modified":"2025-02-26T09:34:38","modified_gmt":"2025-02-26T07:34:38","slug":"steme-si-simboluri-interviu-cu-dr-attila-istvan-szekeres","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/covasna45.ro\/index.php\/lumea-noastra\/steme-si-simboluri-interviu-cu-dr-attila-istvan-szekeres\/","title":{"rendered":"Steme \u0219i simboluri: Interviu cu dr. Attila Istv\u00e1n Szekeres"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ce semnific\u0103 inima de pe stema jude\u021bului Covasna? De ce nu are jude\u021bul Harghita o stem\u0103, de\u0219i \u00eencearc\u0103 din 2009? Ce semnific\u0103, de fapt, o stem\u0103 \u0219i c\u00e2t de actuale mai sunt? Avem r\u0103spunsuri de la dr. Attila Istv\u00e1n Szekeres, unul dintre pu\u021binii speciali\u0219ti ai Rom\u00e2niei \u00een materie de heraldic\u0103.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Covasna45.ro<\/strong>: Procesul legat de stema jude\u021bului Harghita a \u00eenceput \u00een 2009 \u0219i nu e \u00eencheiat nici azi, dup\u0103 16 ani. De ce dureaz\u0103 at\u00e2t de mult?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr. Attila Istv\u00e1n Szekeres:<\/strong> Procesul de adoptare a unei steme este unul foarte birocratic. Proiectul de stem\u0103 trebuie \u00eensu\u0219it, preavizat, avizat, apoi adoptat de c\u0103tre Guvern. \u00cen cazul jude\u021bului Harghita, proiectul precedent a fost \u00eensu\u0219it de c\u0103tre Consilul Jude\u021bean Harghita, a primit preavizul comisiei jude\u021bene de analizare a stemelor, avizul comisiei heraldice zonale, dar nu a fost avizat de c\u0103tre Comisia Na\u021bional\u0103 de Heraldic\u0103, Genealogie \u0219i Sigilografie (CNHGS) a Academiei Rom\u00e2ne, care a cerut modific\u0103ri. De-a lungul anilor, niciuna dintre p\u0103r\u021bi nu a vrut s\u0103 cedeze, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t stema nu a fost aprobat\u0103. \u00cen urma mai multori schimburi de adrese \u0219i discu\u021bii, s-a ajuns la un rezultat argumentat \u0219tiin\u021bific dup\u0103 care s-a realizat noul proiect de stem\u0103, care urmeaz\u0103 s\u0103 fie prezentat consiliului jude\u021bean pentru \u00eensu\u0219ire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Proiectul nou de stem\u0103 al jude\u021bului Harghita<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Stema nu este o statistic\u0103 etnic\u0103, precum nu este un atlas geografic, sau un album botanic.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Covasna45.ro:<\/strong> Forumul Civic al Rom\u00e2nilor din Covasna, Harghita \u015fi Mure\u015f a exprimat nemul\u0163umiri fa\u0163\u0103 de varianta propus\u0103. Printre principalele obiec\u0163ii se num\u0103r\u0103 complexitatea excesiv\u0103 a simbolisticii \u015fi absen\u0163a unor elemente care s\u0103 reflecte identitatea comunit\u0103\u0163ii rom\u00e2ne\u015fti din jude\u0163. Cum comenta\u021bi aceste dou\u0103 observa\u021bii?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr. Attila Istv\u00e1n Szekeres<\/strong>: \u00cencep cu a doua. Stema nu este o statistic\u0103 etnic\u0103, precum nu este un atlas geografic, sau un album botanic. Stema este o emblem\u0103 alc\u0103tuit\u0103 \u00een baza unor reguli stabilite de \u0219tiin\u0163a \u0219i arta heraldic\u0103, care serve\u0219te ca semn distinctiv permanent al unei unit\u0103\u021bi administrativ-teritoriale (\u00een acest caz), caracteriz\u00e2ndu-se prin stabilitate. Subliniez permanen\u021ba \u0219i stabilitatea. Heraldica este o \u0219tiin\u0163\u0103 special\u0103 a istoriei, care se ocup\u0103 cu cercetarea genezei \u0219i evolu\u0163iei \u00eensemnelor heraldice, precum \u015fi cu problemele teoretice \u0219i practice legate de compunerea, desenarea, vizualizarea, citirea, interpretarea \u0219i atribuirea stemelor de orice tip, o \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 conservatoare, care \u00ee\u0219i are originile \u00een Evul Mediu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu c\u00e2t o stem\u0103 este mai veche, cu at\u00e2t e mai valoroas\u0103. Stemele nu se schimb\u0103 dup\u0103 placul fiec\u0103ruia.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Stemele ar trebui s\u0103 fie permanente. O stem\u0103 reprezint\u0103 un tot \u00eentreg, \u00een cazul nostru jude\u021bul Harghita. Dup\u0103 cum spuneam, nu este o statistic\u0103 etnic\u0103. Jude\u021bele cu popula\u021bie 100 % rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 nu au elemente, care s\u0103 \u201ereflecte identitatea comunit\u0103\u0163ii rom\u00e2ne\u015fti\u201d, ci identitatea \u00eentregului jude\u021b, a\u0219a cum este normal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Cealalt\u0103 \u201eproblem\u0103\u201d: \u201ecomplexitatea excesiv\u0103 a simbolisticii\u201d. Sunt adeptul stemelor simple, dac\u0103 v\u0103 uita\u021bi la stemele proiectate de mine, 95 % au scutul neparti\u021bionat. Dar \u00een acest caz intervine pe de o parte istoria, pe de alta precizez, c\u0103 acest proiect a fost \u00eentocmit conform Metodologiei CNHGS cu \u201erespectarea cu prioritate a tradi\u0163iei heraldice locale\u201d prin combina\u021bia a dou\u0103 steme istorice. Jude\u021bul Harghita \u00eenglobeaz\u0103 teritoriile fostelor scaune Ciuc-Giurgeu-Ca\u0219in \u0219i Odorhei. Astfel, proiectul de stem\u0103 al jude\u021bului Harghita este o combina\u021bie \u00eentre stemele istorice a celor dou\u0103 foste scaune. Stema scaunului Odorhei este scartelat\u0103, iar cea a scaunului Ciuc este scartelat\u0103 cu un scut \u00een inim\u0103. Deci, \u00een total au 9 cartiere. Proiectul de stem\u0103 a jude\u021bului Harghita prezint\u0103 5 cartiere. Au fost preluate cartierele I \u0219i III din stema scaunului Odorhei, iar cartierele II \u0219i IV sunt combina\u021bii simplificate ale tuturor cartierelor stemei scaunului Ciuc, cu preluarea scutului \u00een inim\u0103, care prezint\u0103 Feciora Maria cu Pruncul, statuie veche de peste 500 de ani, aflat\u0103 la \u0218umuleu Ciuc, loc de pelerinaj de importan\u021b\u0103 interna\u021bional\u0103. Men\u021bionez c\u0103 din motive de sensibilitate na\u021bional\u0103 s-a renu\u021bat la cartierul III din stema istoric\u0103 a scaunului Ciuc-Giurgeu-Ca\u0219in, care prezint\u0103, dou\u0103 gherete gr\u0103nicere\u0219ti de trecere a frontierei cu c\u00e2te o barier\u0103, simboliz\u00e2nd grani\u021ba dintre Transilvania \u0219i Moldova. \u00cen fine, subliniez c\u0103 proiectul de stem\u0103 a fost \u00eentocmit conform Metodologiei CNHGS cu \u201erespectarea cu prioritate a tradi\u0163iei heraldice locale\u201d. Proiectul de stem\u0103 a fost \u00eentocmit de istorie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Covasna45.ro<\/strong>: De ce este nevoie s\u0103 fie schimbat\u0103 stema? Cine decide?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr. Attila Istv\u00e1n Szekeres<\/strong>: \u00cen 1970, Consiliului de Stat al Republicii Socialiste Rom\u00e2nia a dispus, printr-un decret, instituirea stemelor jude\u0163elor \u0219i municipiilor. Iar \u00een 1972 Consiliul de Stat, printr-un decret a aprobat stemele tuturor jude\u021belor \u0219i municipiilor. Aceste embleme aveau menirea de a promova ctitoriile socialismului, deci prezentau turnuri de fabrici, ciocane miniere\u0219ti, epruvete, ro\u021bi din\u021bate, p\u00e2nze de circuluar, etc. Erau antiheraldice. Scutul era \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit \u00een 4\u20135 cartire, iar \u00een centru, peste tot era a\u021bezat un scut \u00een inim\u0103, mai mic av\u00e2nd stema Republicii Socialiste Rom\u00e2nia, pe un fond format \u00een partea st\u00e2ng\u0103 de steagul Partidului Comunist Rom\u00e2n, iar \u00een dreapta de tricolorul \u0163\u0103rii. Odat\u0103 cu revolu\u021bia acestea nu se mai foloseau. Astfel \u0219i jude\u021bul Harghita a avut o stem\u0103 impus\u0103 de autorit\u0103\u021bile Republicii Socialiste Rom\u00e2nia \u00een 1972: Scut scartelat: \u201e\u00een primul cartier, \u00een c\u00e2mp albastru, un castel compus dintr-un corp de cl\u0103dire flancat de dou\u0103 turnuri acoperite de argint, deschis \u0219i luminat negru, \u00eenso\u021bit sus la dextra de un soare str\u0103lucitor \u0219i la senestra de o semilun\u0103 cresc\u00eend\u0103, cu chip omenesc, adextrat\u0103 de patru stele, una sub alta, totul de aur, \u00een al doilea cartier \u00een c\u00eemp despicat de cinci ori de ro\u0219u \u0219i negru, un furnal de construc\u021bie veche \u00een forma unui turn de argint deschis negru, \u00een al treilea cartier \u00een c\u00e2mp despicat de cinci ori de ro\u0219u \u0219i negru, dou\u0103 ciocane de miner de argint \u00eencruci\u0219ate, \u00een al patrulea cartier, \u00een c\u00e2mp albastru, un izvor de ap\u0103 gazoas\u0103 de argint, \u00een form\u0103 de v\u00e2rf r\u0103sturnat, \u00eenso\u021bit pe laturi de doi brazi t\u0103ia\u021bi, de acela\u0219i metal, peste tot scutul cu stema Republicii Socialiste Rom\u00e2nia\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aceste emblene nu mai erau folosite dup\u0103 Revolu\u021bie. \u00cen 1992 s-a adoptat stema \u021b\u0103rii \u0219i sigiliul statului, iar \u00een 1993, printr-o hot\u0103r\u00e2re de guvern, s-a stabilit Metodologia de elaborare, reproducere \u0219i folosire a stemelor jude\u021belor, ora\u0219elor \u0219i comunelor. Astfel, proiectul de stem\u0103 se elaboreaz\u0103 de c\u0103tre consiliul jude\u021bean, sau dup\u0103 caz, consiliul local. Se \u00eensu\u0219e\u0219te de c\u0103tre consiliu, se \u00eenainteaz\u0103 comisiei jude\u021bene de analizare a stemelor, dac\u0103 prime\u0219te preaviz favorabil, se \u00eenainteaz\u0103 comisiei heraldice zonale, iar apoi Comisiei Na\u021bionale. Cu avizul acesteia trece la Ministerul administra\u021biei, care la r\u00e2ndu-i preg\u0103te\u0219te o hot\u0103r\u00e2re de guvern \u00een acest sens. \u00cen fine, dac\u0103 se aprob\u0103 de c\u0103tre guvern \u0219i apare \u00een Monitorul Oficial, poate fi folosit\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Covasna45.ro:<\/strong> Mai sunt stemele jude\u021belor din Rom\u00e2nia reprezentative pentru ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 acel jude\u021b?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr. Attila Istv\u00e1n Szekeres:<\/strong> Unele da, altele nu. Dar \u00een descriere se explic\u0103, c\u0103 ar fi reprezentative. \u00cen perioada comunist\u0103 s-a eradicat totul despe \u0219tiin\u021ba heraldic\u0103, nu s-a predat \u00een \u0219coli, facult\u0103\u021bi, deci oamenii nu de\u021bineau aceste cuno\u0219tin\u021be. Dup\u0103 Revolu\u021bie a fost o dorin\u021b\u0103 ca unit\u0103\u021bile administrativ-teritoriale s\u0103 se individualizeze \u0219i s\u0103 se disting\u0103 prin steme non socialiste. Multe astfel de embleme au fost concepute de oameni bine inten\u021biona\u021bi, dar laici. Unele au fost oficializate. Au avut noroc cei care au oficializat vechea stem\u0103, de dinainte de comunism. \u00cen prezent se poate studia heraldica, dar foarte pu\u021bini istorici recurg la aceasta. \u00cen Rom\u00e2nia suntem doar doi speciali\u0219ti membri ai Academiei Interna\u021bionale de Heraldic\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Covasna45.ro:<\/strong> Multe localit\u0103\u021bi \u00ee\u0219i schimb\u0103 structura etnic\u0103 \u0219i specificul, de-a lungul anilor. Ceea ce era valabil acum 30 de ani, poate nu mai este azi. Dar stema r\u0103m\u00e2ne…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr. Attila Istv\u00e1n Szekeres:<\/strong> Dup\u0103 cum spuneam, stema nu este o statistic\u0103 etnic\u0103. Repet, stema serve\u0219te ca semn distinctiv permanent, care se caracterizez\u0103 prin stabilitate. Cu c\u00e2t o stem\u0103 este mai veche, cu at\u00e2t e mai valoroas\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Covasna45.ro:<\/strong> C\u00e2te steme ale jude\u021belor din Rom\u00e2nia s-au schimbat de la Revolu\u021bie p\u00e2n\u0103 azi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr. Attila Istv\u00e1n Szekeres:<\/strong> Toate. Dup\u0103 cum spuneam, \u00een 1972 Consiliul de Stat al R. S. R. a impus steme \u201esocialiste\u201d. Odat\u0103 cu Revolu\u021bia acestea nu se mai foloseau. Iar \u00een prezent se elaborareaz\u0103 steme noi, dar\/ conform Metodologiei CNHGS, trebuie respectat\u0103 tradi\u021bia heraldic\u0103 local\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Covasna45.ro:<\/strong> Referitor la stema jude\u021bului Covasna. Exist\u0103 pe ea o inim\u0103, iar \u00een lege<\/a> se precizeaz\u0103 c\u0103 \u201einima semnific\u0103 bun\u0103tatea sufleteasc\u0103 a localnicilor\u201d\u2026 Pute\u021bi comenta aceast\u0103 descriere? Adic\u0103\u2026 cine a stabilit, cum \u0219i \u00een ce mod c\u0103 localnicii de aici sunt mai buni dec\u00e2t al\u021bii? \u00cen cazul \u00een care aceasta este explica\u021bia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Stema jude\u021bului Covasna<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dr. Attila Istv\u00e1n Szekeres:<\/strong> \u00cen niciun caz, \u00een stem\u0103 nu este vorba c\u0103 localnicii de aici ar fi mai buni dec\u00e2t al\u021bii. Elementul heraldic al stemei jude\u021bului Covasna, bra\u021bul armat \u021bin\u00e2nd o spad\u0103 care str\u0103punge o inim\u0103, are o vechime de peste 500 de ani. \u0218i cum spuneam, cu c\u00e2t o stem\u0103 este mai veche, cu at\u00e2t e mai valoroas\u0103. De fapt, inima str\u0103puns\u0103 semnific\u0103 spiritul de sacrificiu al locuitorilor acelui teritoriu, pe care stema \u00eel reprezint\u0103. \u00cens\u0103, deoarece s-a vehiculat abera\u021bia c\u0103 de fapt ar avea semnifica\u021bia, c\u0103 \u201espada ungurilor str\u0103punge inima rom\u00e2nilor\u201d, \u00een descriere s-a ales varianta ca \u201einima semnific\u0103 bun\u0103tatea sufleteasc\u0103 a localnicilor\u201d. A tuturor. C\u0103ci, dup\u0103 cum spune o maxim\u0103 a lui Petroniu, \u201eSol omnibus lucet\u201d, adic\u0103 \u201eSoarele str\u0103luce\u0219te pentru to\u021bi\u201d, a\u0219a \u0219i o stem\u0103 administrativ\u0103, cea a jude\u021bului Covasna sau cea a jude\u021bului Harghita, reprezint\u0103 unitatea tuturor locuitorilor acelui teritoriu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Proiectul de stem\u0103 a jude\u0163ului Harghita<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Descrierea proiectului de stem\u0103<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stema jude\u0163ului Harghita se compune dintr-un scut triunghiular cu marginile rotunjite, sfertuit, cu un scut \u00een inim\u0103. \u00cen cartierul I, de argint se afl\u0103 cinci cruciuli\u0163e bizantine, ro\u015fii, a\u015fezate 2:1:2. \u00cen cartierul al II-lea, \u00een c\u00e2mp albastru se afl\u0103 un soare figurat de aur la dextra, iar la senestra o semilun\u0103, deasemeni figurat\u0103, de argint. \u00cen cartierul al III-lea, deasemeni de azur, se afl\u0103 o construc\u0163ie de argint, compus\u0103 din trei corpuri a c\u00e2te trei niveluri, cu c\u00e2te dou\u0103 ferestre negre, av\u00e2nd c\u00e2te un acoperi\u0219 ro\u0219u, cel din mijloc mai \u00eenalt, av\u00e2nd o poart\u0103 boltit\u0103, negr\u0103. \u00cen cartierul al IV-lea de argint, se afl\u0103 patru coline verzi, desp\u0103r\u0163ite de trei fascii \u00eengustate spre v\u00e2rful colinei, de argint a\u0219ezate \u00een band\u0103, \u00een v\u00e2rful fiec\u0103rei coline st\u00e2nd un brad verde. Peste tot, \u00een c\u00e2mp de azur, se afl\u0103 imaginea Sf. Maria, \u00eembr\u0103cat\u0103 \u00een soare, cu capul \u00eenconjurat de dou\u0103sprezece stele, purt\u00e2nd o coroan\u0103 \u00eenchis\u0103, \u0163in\u00e2ndu-l pe pruncul Isus, deasemeni \u00eencoronat, \u00een bra\u0163ul st\u00e2ng, iar in bra\u0163ul drept \u0163in\u00e2nd un sceptru, totul de aur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Stema Scaunului Odorhei<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Stema Scaunului Ciuc<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Semnifica\u0163ia elementelor \u00eensumate<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cartierele I \u015fi III sunt preluate din stema fostului jude\u0163, mai \u00eenainte fostului scaun Odorhei, cruciuli\u0163ele simboliz\u00e2nd credin\u0163a localnicilor, iar construc\u0163ia descris\u0103 fiind o cl\u0103dire administrativ\u0103. Cartierele II \u015fi IV sunt preluate din stema fostului jude\u0163, mai \u00eenainte fostului scaun al Ciucului. Soarele \u015fi semiluna fiind simboluri specifice zonei, iar colinele \u015fi brazii semnific\u00e2nd cadrul natural, \u00een care este a\u015fezat jude\u0163ul, zona muntoas\u0103. Cele trei benzi de argint simbolizeaz\u0103 cele trei r\u00e2uri, care str\u0103bat jude\u0163ul: Oltul, Mure\u015ful \u015fi T\u00e2rnava Mare. Scutul \u00een inim\u0103 este preluat din stema scaunului Ciuc, reprezent\u00e2nd statuia Sf. Maria cu Pruncul de pe altarul bisericii romano catolice din \u015eumuleu-Ciuc, loc de pelerinaj de importan\u0163\u0103 interna\u0163ional\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despre activitatea dr. Attila Szekeres pute\u021bi afla mai multe de AICI<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ce semnific\u0103 inima de pe stema jude\u021bului Covasna? De ce nu are jude\u021bul Harghita o stem\u0103, de\u0219i \u00eencearc\u0103 din 2009? Ce semnific\u0103, de fapt, o stem\u0103 \u0219i c\u00e2t de actuale mai sunt? Avem r\u0103spunsuri de la dr. Attila Istv\u00e1n Szekeres, unul dintre pu\u021binii speciali\u0219ti ai Rom\u00e2niei \u00een materie de heraldic\u0103. Covasna45.ro: Procesul legat de stema […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9990,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[21,598,3380,3379,3378],"class_list":{"0":"post-9989","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-lumea-noastra","8":"tag-covasna","9":"tag-harghita","10":"tag-heraldica","11":"tag-simbol","12":"tag-stema"},"yoast_head":"\nSteme \u0219i simboluri: Interviu cu dr. 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